The controversy between Bauer and Strauss—which led to this change of direction for Marx—turned, in part, on the question: Was messianic hope, in the sense of the expectation of a coming king or ruler, a significant element in Judaism at the time of Christian origins—and did it have any importance for the origins of New Testament christology? This question has been discussed ever since, and it concerns us now. Bauer’s argument that pre-Christian
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